Dr Dimakatso Polokelo
Digital public infrastructure (DPI) is emerging as a core component of socio-economic advancement. For African economies navigating a rapidly digitizing global landscape, the importance of DPI cannot be overstated. It offers the structural backbone to support digital services across sectors, from financial inclusion and e-governance to agriculture, education, health, intra-African trade etc.
Unlike private digital infrastructure, DPI refers to open, interoperable systems that enable a wide range of actors, government, business, civil society to deliver digital services at scale. Foundational elements of DPI include digital identity systems, interoperable payment systems, data exchange layers, and digital authentication protocols. When designed and governed well, DPI enables inclusive access to services, reduces the cost-of-service delivery, increases transparency and boosts economic participation.
This article explores why DPI is no longer a peripheral concern but a central pillar of Africa’s long-term development strategy. It assesses how well-designed digital infrastructure can unlock economic growth, improve social inclusion and transform the efficiency and reach of public service delivery.
Digital Public Infrastructure and Economic Growth
Economic growth in Africa depends increasingly on the ability to leverage technology to boost productivity, enable entrepreneurship and improve market access. DPI provides the scaffolding upon which a vibrant digital economy can be constructed.
- Enabling Digital Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Across Africa, digital startups and micro-enterprises are key sources of job creation. However, many face high entry barriers ranging from the cost of acquiring customers to fragmented digital systems that are hard to navigate or integrate with. A robust DPI framework can reduce these friction points. For instance, when interoperable digital identity and payment systems are in place, startups can quickly onboard customers, verify their identities and receive payments seamlessly.
India’s example with its Aadhaar (digital identity), UPI (payment platform) and DigiLocker (document verification) illustrates the multiplier effect that DPI can have on private innovation. While Africa’s institutional landscape is different, the strategic lesson is relevant that governments can catalyse economic activity without controlling innovation but rather, by providing the shared rails on which innovation can flourish.
- Improving the Ease of Doing Business
DPI also contributes to improving the ease of doing business. Digitized government-to-business interactions such as business registration, licensing and tax compliance can reduce administrative overheads and improve the predictability of state engagement. For example, a digital single-window system for trade can reduce port dwell time, streamline customs clearance and improve compliance without increasing the regulatory burden.
Moreover, real-time data from DPI systems can inform policy decisions and reduce market information asymmetries, which often stifle competition and investment.
- DPI as a Tool for Social Inclusion
One of the most important arguments in favour of DPI is its potential to address structural exclusion including geographic, gender-based, financial and otherwise. In a continent where vast segments of the population remain outside the formal economy, DPI offers a scalable and cost-effective mechanism to increase access.
- Closing the Identity Gap
Approximately 500 million people globally lack a legal identity including those residing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Without legal identity, individuals are excluded from services ranging from banking to healthcare and education.
By establishing secure, privacy-respecting digital identity systems, African governments can begin to close this gap. Importantly, these systems must be designed to be inclusive from the outset, accommodating low-literacy populations, multiple languages and various forms of identification e.g. birth certificates, traditional attestations.
- Driving Financial Inclusion
Africa has made considerable progress in mobile money adoption, but many systems remain closed or non-interoperable. DPI-enabled digital payments built on open standards and supported by national policy can deepen financial inclusion by enabling transfers across networks and borders.
Governments can also use DPI to make direct benefit transfers more transparent and effective. For instance, during crises such as COVID-19 or climate-related emergencies, cash transfers to affected populations can be processed rapidly through digital rails, with built-in audit trails and reduced leakage.
- Improving Public Service Delivery through DPI
A well-governed DPI ecosystem allows governments to deliver services more efficiently, transparently and at lower cost. The utility of DPI in this regard extends across sectors.
- Health Systems Integration
DPI can support integrated health information systems where patient records; immunisation data and supply chain logistics are connected. This is particularly important in countries with high disease burdens or frequent outbreaks, where rapid coordination and data-sharing can be life-saving.
Moreover, digital ID systems enable patient verification and access to targeted health benefits like subsidised medications while payment systems can support insurance premiums, provider payments and procurement processes.
- Education and Skills Development
Digital credentials, identity-linked academic records and interoperable learning platforms can transform education delivery. Learners can access digital classrooms, earn recognisable certificates and transfer credits across institutions. For governments, DPI allows for better monitoring of education outcomes and resource allocation.
Africa’s youthful population, expected to double by 2050, makes the strategic case for DPI in education particularly compelling. Without the digital systems to scale learning and certification, the continent risks falling behind in the global knowledge economy.
- Improving Governance and Transparency
DPI supports more transparent and accountable governance by enabling digitized procurement, land registry, taxation, and civil service systems. Citizens can access services online, lodge complaints and track application statuses which will in turn reduce physical queues and informal payments.
Data generated through DPI can support evidence-based policymaking and improve fiscal management. As an example, linking tax identification numbers with digital payments can reduce revenue leakage and broaden the tax base.
- Implementation Considerations -Risks and Enablers
While the benefits of DPI are substantial, its implementation raises important design, governance and ethical questions.
- Governance and Regulatory Frameworks
DPI must be governed through transparent, inclusive and accountable mechanisms. This includes clear data governance frameworks, laws to protect privacy and prevent surveillance abuse and standards to ensure interoperability and non-discrimination.
Public-private partnerships may be necessary to build and maintain DPI, but the ownership and control of critical digital infrastructure must remain in the public interest. This is especially important to avoid monopolistic outcomes or exclusionary practices.
- Institutional Capacity
Deploying and maintaining DPI requires sustained investment in public sector digital capacity. Many African governments face constraints in technical talent, procurement flexibility and coordination across agencies.
Investments in civil service digital training, along with partnerships with local universities and private sector actors, are necessary. In addition, DPI rollouts should avoid fragmentation by being embedded in national digital strategies, with cross-sector alignment and institutional coherence.
- Cybersecurity and Resilience
As DPI systems become integral to governance and service delivery, they also become high-value targets for cyber threats. Building resilience into DPI from encryption and access control to regular audits and disaster recovery plans is extremely important. Regional collaboration on cybersecurity capacity including information sharing and incident response is also essential.
- The Role of Regional Collaboration and Continental Frameworks
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) provides a strategic backdrop for DPI development. A continent-wide digital market will not function effectively without foundational interoperability in identity, payments and data exchange.
The Smart Africa Alliance, African Union’s Digital Transformation Strategy 2020–2030 and other regional platforms offer a foundation for cross-border DPI collaboration. Shared standards and data governance protocols can enable smoother integration, reduce duplication and support economies of scale.
Africa can also learn from international DPI initiatives and tailor them to its unique social, linguistic and economic contexts. These include open-source DPI projects such as Modular Open Source Identity Platform which allows for local customisation and sovereign control.
- Financing and Sustainability
The long-term success of DPI initiatives depends on sustainable financing. While donor support has played a catalytic role in some countries, DPI must ultimately be treated as core national infrastructure, worthy of domestic investment, budget prioritisation and local innovation.
Blended finance models that combine public funding, concessional loans, and private sector investment may be appropriate. However, safeguards must ensure that essential public infrastructure does not become beholden to profit motives or short-term political cycles.
Public procurement models should favour open standards, local content and long-term value over short-term cost savings. Moreover, fiscal transparency in DPI procurement and lifecycle management can strengthen public trust and reduce vendor lock-in.
To ensure that digital public infrastructure delivers on its potential, policymakers will need to approach its development with clarity, consistency and long-term planning. This includes embedding DPI within national digital strategies, aligning it with public sector reform agendas and ensuring it is governed in a way that prioritizes public interest. The countries that treat DPI as a core element of institutional capability rather than a standalone digital initiative will be better positioned to adapt to future challenges, build more responsive governance systems and create stable foundations for inclusive economic growth.